chapter 14 assessment

Chapter 14, Section 1

1. How large is the land area of Russia?

Russia's land area is around 6.6 million square miles. It is the largest country in the world.

2. What are Russia’s natural resources?

Russia's natural resources are mineral reserves, fossil fuels, coal, nickel, aluminum, gemstones, platinum-group metals, timber, and fish.

Creative Writing: Many people are not aware that so much of the world’s forest land lies on Russian soil. Write a paragraph designed to persuade people of the importance of preserving Russian forests.

Did you know that Russia has the second largest forest are in the world? Did you know that around 40 million acres of that forest is being cut down each year? The loss of forest in Russia is more than the loss of forest in the Amazon. We need to save these forests so that there will be forests in the future.

Chapter 14, Section 2

1. What are Russia’s major climates?

Russia's major climates are Tundra, subarctic, humid continental, and steppe.

2. What kinds of natural vegetation are found in each of Russia’s climate regions?

In the tundra climate there are no trees only mosses, lichens, algae, and dwarf shrubs live in the tundra. In the subarctic region includes an expanding forest that covers the size of the untied states. In the humid continental climate there are many farms and forests. In the steppe climate many new and foreign plants have crowded out the native plant species that use to flourish there.

Creative Writing: Imagine you are a member of Napoleon’s army invading Russia in 1812. In the form of a journal entry, write a day in your life on the march through Russia’s cold winter.

It is June 1812. We have been marching for 10 days. No food and little sleep have started to make some of us unstable and cranky. John almost killed Paul in a moment of insanity. The cold has also had us frozen. We can not make a fire because it would just be blown out in an instant by the wind and snow. How I wish to return home and be with my family, yet I can not. Again we march and march till it seems as if my legs will fall off and become ice. I am writing this journal so that people will know of this awful day.

Sincerely your solder.

chapter 13 assessment

Chapter 13, Section 1

1. What are three of the reasons major economic changes are taking place in Europe?

Three of the reasons that major economic changes are taking place in Europe are tourism, the industrial revolution, and fertile land.

2. Identify changes in the economies, farming techniques, and communications in eastern Europe since the fall of communism in 1989.

The changes in farming since the fall of communism has been noticed. Old equipment and lack of farmers resulted in less crops, but now many private owned farms have changed farming. The economies have changed by growing numbers in workers. And communications have definitely changed after the fall of communism by the rise of cell phones and televisions.

Creative Writing: Write a paragraph agreeing or disagreeing with the statement: As Europe develops a more unified, service-oriented economy, it is more important for nations to develop more efficient communications systems than to develop more efficient transportation systems.

I disagree with that statement because Europe should create a better transportation system. Just because it would be more beneficial in a crisis if the railways were updates. Also it would be better so that there is not too much traffic blocking the transportation systems. Also if the communication fails in a city people could take transportation to help get a message across.

Chapter 13, Section 2

1. What are three of the ways industry and farming practices have affected Europe’s environment?

Three of the ways industry and farming practices have affected Europe's environment are soil erosion, acid rain, and air and water pollution.

2. What steps have been taken by the European Union to protect Europe’s environment?

Some of the steps that have been taken by the European Union to Protect Europe's environment are reforestation, managing the cutting of trees, and strict rules on the out put of fossil fuels into the environment.

Creative Writing: Write a paragraph to agree or disagree with the statement: The pollution laws and controls put in place by members of the European Union are all that is necessary to protect the environment in Europe today and in the future.

I disagree with the statement, because in order for them to help protect their environment there needs to be more things to help them. For example, there should be more strict rules on pollution problems. Also in order for some of the CO2 to be taken out of the environment they should start planting more trees. Which they already are. Air and water pollution are serious problems and should not be taken lightly.

Chapter 12 assessment

Chapter 12, Section 1

1. Over the past 100 years, how has immigration influenced the populations of countries in Northern Europe?

Over the past 100 years immigration has influenced the populations of Northern Europe by greatly increasing. Throughout the last 100 years the countries of northern Europe have welcomed large immigration of people.

2. How has physical geography helped shape the population patterns of northern Europe?

In areas with more fertile land and warmer climates, people mostly flock to. For example England and Ireland. Yet, in countries with more mountains and colder climates the people have adapted by living closer to the coast. For example, Norway and Sweden.

Creative Writing: Although they do not all provide the same benefits to their citizens, all the Countries in northern Europe are welfare states. Education, health-care, unemployment benefits, disability payments, retirement benefits, child care, parental leave, and housing subsidies may be guaranteed by the government. Write a paragraph comparing some of the advantages and disadvantages of living in a country that is a welfare state.

Some of the advantages of living in a welfare state is that your health care is provided by the government. Also that you know that your child will be taught a proper education for at least ten years of his/her life. Some of the disadvantages of having a welfare state is that people who don't work will just rely on the government for money. Also your house may be chosen by the government.

Chapter 12, Section 2

1. What are three ways that religion has helped shaped the history and governments in western Europe?

Three ways that religion has helped shaped the history and government of western Europe are the fall of the Roman Empire, the Crusades, and the Reformation.

2. How did World War II help shape the population patterns of western Europe?

World War II helped shape the population patterns of western Europe by killing over 6 million Jews.

Creative Writing: The people of western Europe have a high standard of living, and governments provide citizens with medical care, maternity and retirement benefits, and other services. The population in Western Europe is aging, with declining birthrates and death rates. Write a paragraph about some of the social problems Western Europe may face in the next twenty-five years.

Some of the social problems that western Europe may face in the next 25 years are more people may undergo health care provided by the country, making the country go into debt. Also if people are getting maternity benefits, that may influence people to have more children. Making the population of the country larger.

Chapter 12, Section 3

1. What are some of the effects on the population patterns and cultures of southern European countries, now that immigration is outpacing emigration?

Some of the effects on the population patterns are that southern Europe is growing bigger. Also the urban areas of the countries are greatly increasing in size.

2. What are three of the cultural elements that are shared by most of the people in southern Europe?

Three of the cultural elements that are shared by most of the people in southern Europe are they all love soccer, they were all apart of the Roman Empire, and they all share the religion of Christianity.

Creative Writing: Write a paragraph describing some of the ways that the culture of ancient Rome still influences southern Europe.

Some of the major influences of the Roman empire still are seen in Southern Europe. As in the art and architecture that are seen throughout all the countries. Also the christian and catholic cathedrals that were made during that time era. Some of the countries national languages are from the Latin language, the language of the Roman empire.

chapter 11 assessment

Chapter 11, Section 1

1. Give one example of each of the following European landforms: a land form affected by glaciation; a land form affected by wind; a land form affected by tectonic or volcanic activity.

A land form affected by glaciation is the Alps. A land form affected by wind is Europe's Great Plain. A land form affected by tectonic or volcanic activity is Iceland.

2. Why are rivers vital to Europe’s economy?

Rivers are vital to Europe's economy by transporting ocean liners to inland cities. Also it helps people and goods either inland or to the sea.

Creative Writing: The Rhine River flows through three countries from its source in the Swiss Alps, along part of the border between France and Germany, through Germany for most of its length, to its final destination in the North Sea off the Netherlands. Write a paragraph about the political or economic challenges the countries along the river’s course face.

Some of the political or economic challenges that the countries along the Rhine river face are whether the goods are theirs or not. Also debates on if that side of the river is in their country or no could have occurred. There are many debates that could have been faced over the Rhine river. Also another issue that can be faced is trying to get the goods to sell in a certain country, advertisement. If the good sell in a country it helps that country's economy.

Chapter 11, Section 2

1. What are the major influences on climate in Europe?

The major influences on climate in Europe are winds, latitude, bodies of water, and water currents.

2. How do winds affect the climate regions of Europe?

Winds affect the climate regions of Europe by either making the area warm or cold. For example, Paris and Boston are at the same latitude, yet when the North Atlantic Current brings warm winds in January Paris is warmer than Boston.

Creative Writing: The city of Dublin, Ireland, is at about 53° N latitude, and has an average January high temperature of about 44° F (about 6.6° C). The city of Duluth, Minnesota, is at about 48° N latitude, and has an average January high temperature of about 16° F (about –8.88° C). Write a paragraph explaining possible reasons that the average high winter temperatures are so different although the latitudes are similar.

The temperature in both cities can vary on many different factors. First off Dublin is near a body of water known as the Irish Sea, so that can definitely change the temperature. When Duluth is on the very tip of the Great Lake Superior. The Irish sea is closer to the ocean with wind currents coming in and out. While Minnesota is in the middle of the United States and there is not a lot of water currents that would control the winds making the city colder than Dublin.

chapter 10 assessment

Chapter 10, Section 1

1. What is the basis of the economies of many Latin American countries?

The basis of the economies of many Latin American countries are agriculture and industry.

2. What are the causes and consequences of Latin America’s economically dependent status?

The causes and consequences of Latin America's economically dependent status are the trade agreements with other countries. Some of the consequences are that some of the jobs for companies go other countries because they are cheaper.

Creative Writing: Write a paragraph that describes the advantages and disadvantages of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) for Mexico.

The advantages for the NAFTA are that it reduced restriction on trade between Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Also it increased imports and the flow of goods, services, and people. The disadvantages are the fear that jobs will go to Mexico because it is cheaper and it cost less for the company.

Chapter 10, Section 2

1. How has development affected Latin America’s forest resources?

Development has affected Latin America's forest resources by burning the trees for farming and cutting down the forest for timber endangering animals.

2. What challenges are posed by the growth of Latin America’s urban population?

Some challenges posed by the growth of Latin America's urban population are more diseased cities, natural disasters are more impacting, air pollution and taking the cities natural resources.

Creative Writing: The countries of Latin America are facing many challenges of regional and international significance. Write a paragraph that describes at least two of these issues and how these might have an impact outside of the region.

One issue that has the countries of Latin America are facing is disputed borders. Many countries are having territorial conflicts. These countries have been at war many times, but some have also figured out a way to be civil about it. Another issue is disaster preparedness. Most countries in Latin America have suffered from natural disasters and want to figure out a way to help them in the future.

chapter 9 assessment

Chapter 9, Section 1

1. What contributions have Latin America’s Native American empires made to the region’s cultural development? Latin America's Native American empires made to the region's cultural development are early developments on trade and agriculture, calendars, astronomical advances, and a social ranking system. Also the different religions that were practiced earlier, are now blended with more recent traditions, syncretism. The early traditions and advancements that were made by the Indians are mixed into everyday life in Latin America.

2. How has European rule influenced Mexico’s political and social structures? European rule has influenced Mexico's political and social structures by over three centuries. Finally they decided for independence, and became their own country. The reason being that the highly structured political system and royally appointed officials.

Creative Writing: Write a paragraph that describes how Mexico’s sporting activities are influenced by a variety of cultures. Some external research may be necessary.

Mexico's sports life was and is influenced by many different cultures. For example bull fighting was from Spain. Soccer was from any South American country because most of South Americas population loves soccer. Also spending time with family is influenced by religion and culture.

Chapter 9, Section 2

1. What is the dominant religion in the region?

The dominant religion is Catholicism.

2. What ethnic groups make up the populations of Central America and the Caribbean?

Whites, Blacks, Asians, Mixed, and small decedents from Native Americans.

Creative Writing: Write a paragraph that describes what the explorer Balboa noticed about the geographic features of Panama that helped make it such an important area today.

He noticed that it was a small sliver that was dividing the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean. Years later they would make a canal that would help trade between the two halves of the world. This feat would have never been possible without his help discovering it.

Chapter 9, Section 3

1. What is the biggest problem the region faces in relation to the urbanization of its population?

Over population is a major factor. Also the immigration inside and outside of the country.

2. What two factors most determine the quality of health care in the region?

How stable the economy is. And how the city is kept.

Creative Writing: Pretend you are living in a rural area of South America and your family is considering moving to a city. Write a paragraph arguing either for or against the move and support your position.

Living in the new city won't be so bad, new friends and new opportunities. I hope i will make new friends because it is a new start and new people.

Chapter 8 assessment

Chapter 8, Section 1

1. How do geographers divide the large region that is known as Latin America? Geographers divide this large region up by where the region is located. Also they divide Latin America up by three sub-regions-Middle America (Mexico to Panama), the Caribbean, and South America.

2. What natural resources make Latin America an economically important region? The resources that make Latin America an economically important region are oil and natural gas, gold, silver, emeralds, copper, and bauxite (the main source of aluminum). Latin America has many different varieties of minerals, that are important to the rest of the world.

Creative Writing: The people of Latin America benefit greatly from their water systems. Write a paragraph that describes how the people use the region’s rivers. There are many different rivers in Latin America. For example, The people of the United States use the Rio Grande as a border between the two countries. Also, sailors use the Panama Canal to travel easily to the two oceans without going around the southern part of South America. Most of Parana, Paraguay, and Uruguay Rivers form the second largest river system of South America. It drains the eastern half of South America, and also provide hydroelectric power. The largest water system in South America is the Amazon River, ts the world's second largest river. It travels across 6,400km of land, and has more than ten times the water volume of the Mississippi River. People travel across these rivers year round, transporting goods and people.

Chapter 8, Section 2

1. Which climate regions are represented in Latin America? The different climates that are shown in Latin America are tropical wet, tropical dry, humid subtropical, and dry climates. Theses different climates depend on where the area is.

2. How do Latin America’s location and landforms affect climates even within particular regions? In Latin America you may be inside the Tropics, but the climate is still affected by the elevation. For example, if your in the tropics you would expect it to be nice, sunny, and warm, but if you are at an elevation of 8,000 feet the temperature will probably be 60degrees.

Creative Writing: Pretend you are on a hiking tour of one of the climate regions of Latin America. In the form of a journal entry, write about the area you are hiking by describing its vegetation and climate. Dear Journal,
What a day its been. The hike is dangerous, but exhilarating. The guide said we are around 12,000 feet. He only knows a certain amount of English so hes mostly quite during the day, which lets me think a lot. It puzzles me that as we climb higher and higher there is less and less trees. Also the weather has started to get cooler, thank goodness that I brought an extra pair of socks. I should get a good nights sleep before I hike tomorrow.
-Devin

chapter 7 assesment

Chapter 7, Section 1

1. How has the development of a postindustrial economy in the United States and Canada affected where and how people live? The development of of a postindustrial economy in both Canada and the United States affects where people live because the company chooses where the product would work best. For example, high-tech companies look for good weather and good location for their factories, also where people would work in them. So a company might make a family move half way cross the country because its the ideal place for their product.

2. How are the economies of the United States and Canada interdependent with each other and with those in other parts of the world? The economies of the United States and Canada are interdependent within each other by imports and exports, also by low cost labor plants. Canada earns mostly as much in exports that the United States spends in exports.

Creative Writing: Write a paragraph about the economies of the United States and Canada that explains how the terms market economy, postindustrial economy, and global economy are related. Both of the United States and Canada have a market economy, postindustrial economy and a global economy. In a market economy, both countries allow their people to own their own business, operate it, and make a profit from it. A market economy lets businesses hire and pay people to work for them, and it allows them to protect private property rights. A postindustrial economy is when the economies put less emphasis on heavy industry and traditional manufacturing and put more emphasis on service and high-tech business. A global economy is when different countries in the world become interconnected and dependent on one and another for goods and services. Canada and the United States are connected through all three of these different economy's.

Chapter 7, Section 2

1. What are examples of three or more ways that the United States and Canada could manage their natural resources more responsibly? Three examples or ways that the United States and Canada could manage their national resources more responsibility are to cut down on using fossil fuels that create smog and part of acid rain. Also power plants and factories need to cut down on releasing so much harmful gasses into the atmosphere. Finally we need to stop dumping harmful chemicals into our water sources, because it damages the wildlife in and around the body of water.

2. What are the causes and effects of pollution in the region? The causes of pollution in the region are harmful chemicals and gases that factories and power plants release into the biosphere. The effect of the pollution is damaging the atmosphere and the land. Smog by air, acid rain by land and chemicals by water.

Creative Writing: The 800-mile (1,300 km) Trans-Alaska Pipeline carries oil from Prudhoe Bay, on the Arctic Ocean, to the port of Valdez, on the Gulf of Alaska. Oil travels through the pipeline at a temperature of over 120° F (80° C). For most of its length, the pipeline is elevated above permafrost to keep the permafrost from thawing. In places the oil is carried in buried, refrigerated pipes. Describe some of the consequences the melting of Arctic permafrost may have on the pipeline over the next 25 years. Some of the consequences of the melting Arctic permafrost is that the permafrost is thawing which is a major factor in this pipeline. Also the pipeline could be blocked because when the permafrost is melting, chunks of the permafrost could block the pipe.

chapter 6 assesment

Chapter 6, Section 1

1. How are population patterns in the United States influenced by the region’s physical geography and by the development of industry and technology? Population patterns in the United States are influenced by the regions physical geography, since many people have different likes and dislikes. For example, many people are attracted to Southern California because of the warm weather all year long. Also population patterns are influenced by the development of industry and technology since the government encouraged people to move to different areas to develop more technology.

2. What are four cultural elements influenced by the immigrant roots of the United States? Four cultural element that are influenced by the immigrant roots of the United States are language and religion, education and health care, the arts, and family life.

Creative Writing: Write a biography of an early settler in the United States from the time he or she arrives in New York harbor in 1845, at the age of 20, until his or her death at the age of 70. She came to the United States at the age of 21. Her name is Marie, she came from Italy with the rest of her family. Marie came in the year 1846, to New York. In her life she moved across the country, slowly, but she did. Along the way she lived in many cities and new states. In the last years of her life she was one of the first settlers in California in the San Fransisco area, with the rest of her family.

Chapter 6, Section 2

1. What are two economic factors that encouraged growth of Canada’s western population? Two economic factors that encourage growth of Canada's western population are the discovery of petroleum and trade between Canada and Asia.

2. How do the country’s religious practices and languages reflect the immigrant history of Canada? The country's religious practices and language reflect the immigrant history of Canada by mostly being French and English. Since it was the French and English that mostly settled Canada the two major cultures are French and English.

Creative Writing: Imagine that the American colonies did not separate from Great Britain and remained a part of the British Empire. How might the history and development of Canada have been affected? If the American colonies did not separate from Great Britain then Canada would also still be part of the British empire. Canada would have never been created, and the country would not be half French.

chapter 5 assesment

Chapter 5, Section 1

1. How have the river systems and landforms of the United States and Canada played important roles in this region’s development? The landforms of Canada and the United States play an important role in the regions development by giving these countries their personalities. For example, in the western United States and western Canada there are multiple mountain ranges that were made by the tectonic plates moving. Also there are many plateaus and dry basins that were also created by lava from the earth moving. River systems have helped develop these countries by making the land fertile. Also the water helped make cities grow.

2. What are some of the major geographical factors and natural resources that have played an important part in the economic development of the United States and Canada? Some of the major geographical features and natural resources that have played a part in the economic development of Canada and the United States are fossil fuels, minerals, timber, and fishing. Fossil fuels and minerals are found mostly everywhere on the North America continent, but there are certain areas that have more than others. Timber is very important for the United States and Canada, but in order to have the resource people need to be responsible about it. Fishing takes place in all the oceans and seas that surround Canada and America, but overfishing has led to decreases in fish population.

Creative Writing: Write a paragraph describing the landforms that would be visible from an airplane window if you were flying across North America, from Norfolk, Virginia, to Seattle, Washington. Assume that you are flying low enough to see the ground. When flying over the Untied States there are many different landforms that you could see. Starting out, when you first leave the airport you will probably be flying over the Appalachian Mountains. After an hour you will probably be flying over the Mississippi river. Then for most of the ride you will be able to see the Great Plains, where a lot of food is grown. Then for the remainder of the flight you will be flying over the Rocky Mountains.

Chapter 5, Section 2

1. What climate regions are found in the United States and Canada? Some of the climate regions found in Canada and the United States are warm and wet climates and warm and dry climates. Normally the warm and wet climates are around swamps and wetlands. The warm and dry climates are normally around deserts and mountains, also Southern California is a good example of this weather.

2. What are three of the weather-related hazards found in the United States and Canada? Three of the weather related hazards found in the United States and Canada are supercells, chinook, and blizzards. Supercells are violent spring and summer thunderstorms that create spawn tornadoes in the Great Plains and eastern United States. Chinook is a warm dry wind that blows down snow on the eastern slopes of the Rockies in early spring. Blizzards occur mostly everywhere in the northern North America, blowing snow with little or no visibility.

Creative Writing: Why might two cities at about the same latitude, such as Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (40.0º N), and Salt Lake City, Utah (40.45º N), have widely differing climates? Write a paragraph justifying your conclusion. Pennsylvania and Utah have different climates because of the different elevations that the two cities are at. For example Salt Lake City is at higher elevation because it is in the Rocky Mountains, also it is around 1,600 to 6,500 feet up. While Philadelphia is around 650 to 1,600 feet high. The different elevations can make the climate differ significantly.

chapter 4 assesment

Chapter 4, Section 2

1. What factors define a culture? People who share similar beliefs and customs. Culture could be language, religion, daily life, history, art, government, and economy.

2. What developments have affected interaction between cultures in recent years? Some developments that have affected the interaction between cultures in recent years are new ideas, different lifestyles, new inventions, war, migration, and trade. Cultural diffusion can also lead to no interaction with different cultures.

Creative Writing: Imagine what your daily life would be like if the information revolution had not occurred, and there were no personal computers, information storage devices, or Internet. Write a paragraph describing what your day would be like, from the time you wake up to the time you go to sleep. When I first wake up in the morning I would get up, eat breakfast, then would have spend the rest of the morning playing some sort of game with my sisters. In the afternoon I would eat lunch, then spend my afternoon till dinner either reading or doing an activity outside. At night I would eat dinner then spend the remaining hours of the day with my family. Then I would go to sleep.

Chapter 4, Section 3

1. What are the differences between the major types of national government in the world today? The three major types of world government are autocracy, oligarchy, and democracy. Autocracy is a government ruled by one singe person. Oligarchy is the type of government that only a small group of people have power. The final government is a democracy, which is leaders rule by the citizens.

2. Give examples of the major types of economic systems in the world. There are three types of major economic systems in the world which are traditional, market, and command. Traditional economy is when habit and custom determine the rules for all economic activity. Market economy is when individuals and private groups make decisions about what to produce. Command economy is when the government owns and directs the means of production and controls the distribution f goods.

Creative Writing: You live within a democratic government system and a market economy. Write a paragraph explaining some of the advantages to you under this government and economic system, as well as the some of the disadvantages. Some of the advantages under a democratic government is that I can choose what I want to happen to our government, and also who is going to be in charge of the government. Also under market economy I can choose what I want to buy and what I don;t want to buy. Some disadvantages about our government is that its all of the country voting and you may not get the person you want in office. Also, a disadvantage for market economy is that the government may get too involved with the economy.

Chapter 4, Section 4

1. What is a major factor in determining a country’s economic development and trade relationships? A major factor in determining a country's economic development and trade relationships is how they react with the environment. A country's way with dealing with the environment and surrounding countries shows how they will react with trade and the building of their economy.

2. How do human economic activities affect the environment? Human economic activities affect the environment by polluting Earth's water, land, and air. Earth's water naturally purifies itself, but sometimes oil spills, chemical dumps, fertilizers and pesticides can damage the water supply. Land becomes polluted when chemical waste and radioactive waste pollutes the topsoil that we grow our food on. air becomes polluted when the burning of fossil fuels and chemical fumes go into the air. Even when human communities push further and further into nature, that is damaging Earth's environment also.

Creative Writing: Write a paragraph agreeing or disagreeing with the statement: “Only developed countries need to replace their dependence on fossil fuels with the use of renewable energy resources.” Explain your reasoning. I disagree with this statement. In order for us to stop burning all of our fossil fuels, every country on the Earth needs to stop burning them. Every country should find a way to use renewable energy resources, not just developed countries.

chapter 3 assesment

Chapter 3, Section 1

1. How does Earth’s position in relation to the sun affect temperatures on Earth? Earth's position is on a tilt towards the sun by the summer solstices, that is why summer temperatures are normally hotter in the Northern Hemisphere. Meanwhile during the winter solstice in the Northern Hemisphere the Earth is tilted away from the sun so there are cooler temperatures. The exact opposite of these weather patterns happen in the Southern Hemisphere. During the Spring and Fall equinox the sun is overhead at the equator so there is a similar affect in both hemispheres.

2. How might global warming affect Earth’s air, land, and water? Global warming might affect Earth's air by having to much CO2 in the air there could be an increase in the suns radiation levels. Also the water will evaporate more quickly making more rainfall and more humidity. With this increase of rain the soil will eventually dry out, and become more dry than before.

Creative Writing: “Global warming is a natural process and there is nothing we can do to affect the severity or effects of global warming on the environment.” Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Write a paragraph explaining your reasoning. I disagree and agree with this statement because there is always something that we can do to help our environment. Also it is probably just a natural cycle to help the Earth restore its natural balance. We can either do nothing and just see what the Earth does. Or we can reduce what we put into our atmosphere that makes global warming.

Chapter 3, Section 2

1. How do latitude and elevation affect climate? Latitude affects climate because during the course of the year either a specific elevation is in the sun which makes it hot. Or its in a less sunny area which makes it less warm. This is why there is seasons to tell when that latitude is going to be in the sun. Elevation affects the climate because if the elevation is higher the air is thinner and it retains less heat. Also the thin air filters less rays of sunlight. Even though there is a lot of sun it it still cold in the higher places of the world. While elevations at lower levels the air is more dense so it retains more heat. And the air filters more rays of sunlight so it may be dark outside but the weather still feels hot.

2. What role do wind patterns, ocean currents, and landforms play in Earth’s climates? Wind patterns play and important role in the Earth's climate because the reason why winds blow is the temperature differences on earth. If there was no temperature differences on Earth there would be no winds, without wind then ships would not be able to move throughout the seas. There are two different types of ocean currents, warm and cold. The ocean currents are also moved by the rotation of the earth. Warm currents bring warm temperatures, and cold currents bring cool temperatures. Landforms affect Earth;s climate by either having very mild changing weather or very unpredictable changing weather. Coastal areas have a very mild changing weather, because since the ocean is usually very uniform the land around it stays the same way. Inland the weather

Creative Writing: The North Atlantic Current, which warms the shore of western Europe as much as 10˚C in some places, came to a halt for ten days in November of 2004. Researchers are unsure of the cause of the shutdown. What might be some of the consequences for the European climate if the current weakened or shut down permanently?

Chapter 3, Section 3

1. How do geographers classify the climate regions of the world? Geographers classify the climate regions of the world by tropical, dry, mid latitude, high latitude, and highland.

2. How do recurring phenomena influence climate patterns over time? Recurring phenomenal influences the Earth's climate over time by human interaction and how the Earth chooses to repair itself. For example the Earth has gotten considerably warmer when humans have lived on it. Yet there had been a record of four ice ages over the past two million years.

Creative Writing: Describe the climate region where you live, including its characteristic soils and natural vegetation. Remember that natural vegetation is the plant life growing where the natural environment is unchanged by human activity. I live in an area that is desert/coastal there is desert and some grassland. There is also a huge ocean that is also in the region.

chapter 2 assesment

Chapter 2 Section 1

1. Describe the different surfaces and geographical areas found on Earth. Earth's surface is made up of water and land. Seventy percent of Earth's surface is water, with only thirty percent land. The geographical areas that make up Earth are the lithosphere, which is the all of the land that makes up earth. there is also the hydrosphere which takes up all of the bodies of water that make up Earths surface. Also there is the atmosphere which has all of the air that we need to survive, it is basically a layer of air that covers the entire Earth. Finally there is the biosphere which is the part of the Earth that supports life, animals, humans and ext.

2. What point on Earth is the greatest distance from sea level? The greatest point away from sea level is Mount Everest. Mount Everest is 29,028 feet above sea level, located in the Himalayas.

Creative Writing: Agree or disagree with the statement: When small objects in space, such as meteoroids and comets, enter Earth’s atmosphere, they have no long-term effect on Earth’s lithosphere, atmosphere, or biosphere. Justify your conclusion. I disagree with this statement, because the comets or meteorites that enter Earth's atmosphere can affect the land in which it landed. The comet, or meteorite can create craters, fires, flatten cities and much more.

Chapter 2, Section 2

1. How do Earth’s layers contribute to the planet’s physical characteristics? Earths layers contribute to the physical characteristics of Earth by making the planet what it is today. Since Earth's surface is moved by volcanic and tectonic activity, it is slowly changing the surface of Earth. Since the planet is changing, its characteristics are changing slowly.

2. How do internal forces of change affect Earth’s surface differently from external forces of change? Internal forces of change deal with all faults and volcanoes. Also with earthquakes, and all of the internal layers of the Earth. External forces of change deals with weathering, and with all the different types of erosion. Basically it deals with anything that is on the outside of the Earth's layers.

Creative Writing: Describe how internal forces may have changed the surface of what is now North America over the past 225 million years. 225 million years ago all of Earths continents were together in a supper continent called Pangaea. Internal forces have moved all of the continents around the world, to what we know now. Just because the plates have hit each other and folded under each other. This reaction changed the original landmass into seven different continents. Probably in another million years Earth will slowly have changed.

chapter 1 assesment

Chapter 1, Section 1

1. What are at least two of the concerns cartographers have when they select a map projection? Explain your reasoning. When cartographers are trying to select a map projection they have to make sure that the map isn't distorted. Another concern that cartographers face is that the distance from one point on a map to another point is the shortest route. If the map is too distorted in the areas that the cartographers are studying it could lead to false information. Also, when the map is flattened out the shortest route between two points change measurements. Those two problems are what cartographers have to be concerned about when they choose a map projection.

2. Identify two physical features, two human-made features, and two political features that could be shown on a typical urban-area map. Two physical features that can be shown on a typical urban-area map is the certain elevation in an area, also the landforms that are in a specific are would be shown. The human made features that could be shown on a urban area map would possibly be boundaries, capitols,cities, roads, highways, and railroads. Finally two political features that could be shown on a map are human-made cities and roads. Yet there is also physical features such as, rivers and mountains that would be considered as physical features.

Creative Writing: Imagine that you are a city planner in a fast-growing urban area, and you are using GIS to create a map to help choose locations for new elementary schools. What types of information would be useful? Write a paragraph about the features to be shown on the map. In order to create new elementary schools in the new growing urban area, I would need my GIS to tell me where there are already homes and where new construction of homes are going to be constructed. With that information I would be able to find places around the new homes so that I could build a elementary school, so the new families could have an easy accessible school. Also I think that the GIS should show where the biggest population is, so more people could go to these new schools. This is the information that I think that would help me build new elementary schools.

Chapter 1 Section 2

1. What are the major branches of geography, and what topics does each branch study? The major branches of geography are location, place, regions, movement, and human interaction. Location can be considered in two parts; absolute location and relative location. Absolute location is the exact longitude and latitude of a spot, while relative location is the terms that describe where the spot is located. Place is a particular space with physical and human meaning. Which means that every place on earth has its own special characteristics. Regions are areas that have similar characteristics. The determining factors may be climate, landforms, or animal life. Movement is studied by how people ideas, or goods move in and out of the area. Its basically trade routes, traffic, and other routes. Human interaction is the study of how people interact with the environment around them.

2. How is geography used? Geography is used to study the earth and all the qualities about it. For example, to study the unique landforms of North America, or how the climate is different from Antarctica to Mexico. Geography helps us learn what goes on in the world and also how the world is evolving.

Creative Writing: Consider the place where you live. Write a paragraph describing its site, situation, and a type of region in which it belongs. Include examples of how the movement of people has affected its culture and how human-environment interaction has changed the environment. I live in Huntington Beach, it is on the coast of California. On the west side is the Pacific Ocean, on the east side is Fountain Valley and the rest of the U.S.A. The situation of H.B. is that its a coastal city on the Pacific coast. The region H.B. belongs to on and off warm and cool weather, it is a mostly flat city with some hills, we get some wildlife due to the wetlands along our beaches. Many people have moved to H.B. because of the beautiful weather and great climate, this big movement of people has not changed the laid back culture that H.B. still has. Since the environment that Huntington Beach has is coastal you can normally see a group of people on the beach enjoying their surroundings. Most people who live here do visit the beach often, which makes a normal human-environment interaction.